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THE FIRST WAYFARERS
The Second Migration Into North America

The Uto-Aztecan People Go Down Go Up
The Uto-Aztecan speaking people today are one of the largest language groups of North and Central America in terms of geographic distribution, linguistic diversity and population.
The Northern Paiute, one of the northernmost Uto-Aztecan languages, is found in areas of Oregon and Idaho. The southern most Uto-Aztecan language speakers are the several dialects of Nahuatl which are spoken in Nicaragua and El Salvador.
The most famous of the Nahuatl languages is Classical Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec Empire of central Mexico.
The Second Migration
the Uto-Aztecan Map
(m1first-sm-2025-0807.1800) The Second Migration, the Uto-Aztecan Map

The route that is shown on the map directly above is a possible route that this major migration could have taken. These cultures could have traveled across Beringia, into North America and to their new homelands, most likely on any one or more of a several possible routes.
The first route could have been a coastal route and those who traveled this direction could have been the ancestors of many of the central and south American indigenous tribes, especially those that today dwell along the coastal areas of North America.
The second possible route could have been through an ice free corridor that existed south and west of the Rocky Mountains because much of the mountains are believed to be still covered with the Cordillera ice sheet, and further, this route would have been to the south of the retreating Laurentide ice sheet which would have been retreating to the north and east of their route.
By moving inland and then south, this route would have brought these postdiluvian travelers to the eastern side of the Rocky mountains, which travel would have brought them to both Folsom and Clovis, sites where there have been found some of the oldest recorded artifacts of North America.
What ever the route that the Uto-Aztecan People decided to take during this second major migration, one fact is for sure certain: these people did cross the Beringia Land bridge and they did walk south into the North American continent and settle in their homelands.
Methinks
When looking back from today′s perspective, one would see that there were untold numbers of cultures who lived upon this land, so many that during one presentation I attended at a national park, the speaker said that at the height of the population of the ancients, there may have been over a hundred million people living on this continent, an amount that would rival the number of modern people living on the same continent after the turn of the twentieth century.
I was shocked at his statement but since my traveling around to many of these location and seeing for myself all of the massive settlements that existed long before any European even considered to come here, I am no longer in any doubt that the population here could have been as that ranger had spoken there that evening in his presentation.
A lot has been written about all of the different cultures that have lived here in North America and much of it is often contrasting, even confusing at times. So many have ventured to explain how these ancients got here and where they came from.
The name Anasazi is an exonym, from the Navajo language (which people were of the Third Migration), a word that means Ancient Ones or Ancient Enemy, thus, the Pueblo people reject the use of that word within their communities.
The word Anasazi previously was used to refer to the ancestral Puebloan people but is dispreferred in most all modern Pueblo circles now.
The Puebloans
Today, the Puebloans or sometimes referred to as the Pueblo peoples, are Native Americans in the Southwestern United States who share common agricultural, material and religious practices. Pueblo, is a Spanish word which means village, a term originating with the Spanish explorers who used it to refer to the native people's style of dwelling.
When the Spanish explorers entered the area in the 16th century, they came across complex, multi-story Pueblo villages built of adobe, stone and other local materials.
Today, New Mexico contains the most Pueblo communities, but some Pueblo communities can be found in Arizona and along the Texas rivers of Colorado and the Rio Grande as well as a few of their tributaries.
Currently, there are about 100 Pueblos still inhabited, among which, the Acoma, Hopi, San Ildefonso, Taos, and Zuni, are the best-known inhabitants.
Some time later the second migration of the postdiluvian people who came across the Beringia land bridge had its start and many from this migration moved southward onto the North American continent to the Colorado plateau. This migration is believed to be those who would have moved into the desert areas of the four corners region of this continent.
Yes, this second migration are the people which are believed to have become the major desert cultures of the Stone Stacker including: Anasazi (Puebloan), Casa Grandes, Fremont, Hohokam, Mogollon, Patayan, Prescott, Salado, Salinis, Sinagua. Trincheras, and others.
Their decendants are today the Pueblo Indians, such as the Hopi. the Zuni who live in 20 communities along the Rio Grande, in New Mexico, in northern Arizona and a list of other locations upon the continent.

The Uto-Aztecan People: The Ancestors Go Down Go Up
The Ancestors
The second major migration did come to the North American Continent sometime before 1700 BCE, after first a long journey traveling westward out of the region of Mesopotamia from the ancient City of Ur of the Chaldeans. This family of people migrated eastward out of Mesopotamia, across the interior of Asia, east to the Pacific coast, then up the coast around the easternmost lands of Russia to what is today extreme northeast Russia.
Upon arriving at the Bering Sea, this family, by the time of their arrival at the Bearing Sea had now become a multigenerational group of people and together, they did then passed over the fifty-five mile long Beringia Land Bridge. Thus, with this crossing, this second migration did begin their journey into the North American Continent and thus this large tribe of people did became the second major migration out of ancient Mesopotamians and onto the new continent.
However, before we continue with this great journey through this new continent, we would first like to address the question, "From Whence did the second migration originate?"
Who Are These People?
The story began some time during the early years of the history of mankind, about ten generations after the Flood of Noah′s Day. These people just happened to be from the lineage of Noah through Shem, and through what has been called by many others, The Royal Line of descent from the Bible, which descent passed through Nahor, Terah, and Abraham. However, after Sarah dies in 1881 BCE, Abraham again took a wife, whose name was Keturah, and who would bare him sons, infact, Keturah did provide Abraham with six sons.
One of his sons who Abraham names Jokshan, was born in 1883 BCE. Later, when Abraham was old and close to death, he choose to honor Sarah′s son, Isaac with his all of his possessions, including his blessing he had received from the most high God. It was then that Abraham, as the account say, "while he yet lived," called to him all of his sons by Keturah, gave them gifts and then sent them away from Isaac his son, unto to the lands in the east. (Genesis 25:1 , 2 , 3 , 6)
Except for this account at Genesis 25: 1-3, 6 and the same information repeated at 1 Chronicles 1:32, nothing else is recorded about Jokshan, nor any of his other five siblings, nor any of their sons or daughters. However, as was later told by the descendants of Jokshan and his son Sheba, the following is their story.
The Story of Jokshan
Jokshan had two sons, Dedan and Sheba, and five brothers. So when Abraham had told Jokshan and his brothers that they all would have to leave out of the land and move eastward, Jokshan called his sons to him to discuss their journey plans. It was then that Dedan told his father, ":I have talked with all of my family and we have decided that we will travel separately to the southeast toward the south coast.": However, Sheba informed Jokshan, ":Father, I together with my wife and my sons and my sons wives will remain with you on this journey where ever you will go.":
Therefore, Jokshan, after being sent away, unto the east country by his Father, took his son Sheba and his son′s family and together as one tribe, left the region of Mesopotamia located between what are called the Euphrates and Tigris rivers; he departed from the home of his father and from the place of his birth, which was in Ur of the Chaldeans and then Jokshan, together with his family, his son Sheba′s family and they did travel eastward across the interior of Asia, making night camp at the many of bodies of water they found along the way as they journeyed. After their journey had been continuing east bound for some time, the entourage arrived at a shoreline to a great body of salt water, the one known now as the Pacific Ocean, where they made camp. Soon, they had decided that they would next travel north up and along that coast, and they continued around the Sea of Okhotsk to the Kamchatks Peninsula and from there they continue northeast across the Chukchi (Chukotka) Peninsula in what is today extreme northeastern Russia. Then only after a very long journey thus far, Jokshan and his family, Sheba his and all of his son′s families finally crossed the Beringia Land Bridge, arriving upon the North American soil and a new continent.
Later, after crossing the Beringia land bridge, Jokshan, Sheba and their families continue together and travel south into the new eastern land. Along the way, Sheba is to eventually have ten sons, whose names are: Numah his first born, Hopiah, Sonorah, Coracho, Tarahumah, Tepimah, Tarascah, and Tequistlatecah. As the family group continued to increase as they moved southward onto the continent, the sons took wives and began to have sons of their own. Thus the once small family group grew to become a great nation of people and this nation flourished, their family grew mighty and each found a place to call their homeland.
Thus, this great nation did spread about throughout the western portions of this continent, into the mountainous areas, along the shores lines of the Great Atezcatl Cahuilla, across and on the banks of the Great South River and from there did disperse into the lands in all four directions. Over the next several millennia, the sons of Jokshan came to be known as the Great Nation of the Uto-Aztecan people which divided into numerous national divisions, tribes, clans and bands throughout what is now known as the western North American Continent.

The Uto-Aztecan People: The Descendants Go Down Go Up
Uto-Aztecan People Today
There has been recorded about 60 separate language families said to belong to the Uto-Aztecan language group. Thus, Jokshan together with his son, did acquire their lands, spread out and begin to build their homeland.
Sheba had tens sons, whose names were: Numah, Keresah, Kiowah, Takeoh, Tanoah, Zunah, Yukiah, Yumah, Washeshuah and Nahuah

I. North American Families Groups
A. Sons of Numah Numic Family Groups
Numic Central Division Families
Comanche from Ute: Kimantsi meaning enemy stranger
of western Oklahoma. formally: TX, NM, KS, CO, OK and Chihuahua
Panamint also: Timbisha or Koso
southeastern California near Owens Valley
Shoshone in the Great Basin areas of Nevada, Idaho, Utah and Wyoming
formally: included parts of California and Montana
Numic Southern Division Families
Southern Paiute in southwest Utah, north Arizona and south Nevada
Chemehuevi
Kawaiisu of the Mojave desert in California
Mohave
Paiute
Ute in southwest Colorado and both southeast and northeast Utah
Numic Western Division Families
Bannock
Monachi (Mono) south central California
Monachi had one son, Awani
Awani had one son, Awahnah
Awahnah, had one son, Ahwahnechee,
Ahwahnechee had one son, Teneiya
Northern Paiute California, Nevada
Kawaiisu Mojave Desert, California
(For Nahauh: See II. Central American Family Groups below)
Hopi considered a language isolate spoken exclusively at Hopi Pueblo
C. Sons of Keresah Keresan Family Groups i
Acoma
Cochiti
Keres, Eastern and Western
language isolate with a dialect continuum spoken at the pueblos
Kewa
Laguna
Santa Ana
San Felipe
Zia
D. Sons of Kiowah Kiowa Family Group 1
Kiowa: now spoken in southwestern Oklahoma 2
E. Sons of Takeoah Takic Family Groups
Cupan family southern California
Cupan
Cahuillo
Luiseno
Tubatulabal
Gabrilino
Serran, Tongva southern California.
Kitanemuk
Tataviam
F. Sons of Tanoah Tanoan (or Puebloan) Family Groups
Tewa Division Families
Tewa is the most widespread Tanoan language with several dialects.
Ohkay Owingeh
Nambé
Pojoaque
San Ildefonso
Santa Clara
Te′ewi
Tesuque Pueblos
Tiwa Division Families
Northern Tiwa Family
Taos
Picuris
Southern Tiwa Family
Almeda
Chilili
Isleta
Puaray
Quarai
Sandia
Tajique
Piro Family
Piro
Tompiro
Jumano
Towa Division Families
Jemez Pueblo
Giusewa
Pecos Pueblos
Tano Division Families
San Marcos
Galisteo
San Cristobal
San Lazaro
G. Sons of Zunah Zuni Family Group
Zuni Pueblo considered a language isolate
H. Sons of Yukiah Yuki Family Groups
Wappo
Yuki
I. Sons of Yumah Yuman Family Group
Cochimi, Baja California
Cochimi
Guaycura
Monqui
Pericú
Kiliwa,
Kiliwa
Cocopah
Kumeyaay
Paipai
Yuman, Sonora, West Arizona
Ipai
Cahuilla
Tipai
Quechan
Maricopa
Mojave
Havasupai
Hauaapi
Seri
Walapai
Yavapai
J. Sons of Washeshuah Washoe Family Group (considered a language isolate)
Washoe: California, Nevada at Lake Tahoe. Meaning: people from here
Northern Washoe
Welmelti
Pauwalu
Central Washoe
Pauwalu
Pomoan
Karuk (Araáhih)
Southern Washoe
Hungalelti
Yana language
Yana language: Yana, Yani, Yahi. Extinct, last Yani person died in 1912.
Western Washoe
Tanaleti
Shastan:
Shasta (Shastika)
Kammatwa
Konomihu
Okwanuch
Extinct:
Ch′imáriko
Esselen
Salinan
Palaihnihan:
Atsugewi
Achumawi
Yanan:
Northern Yana
Central Yana
Yahi

Nahuah, the tenth and youngest son of Sheba and seven of his sons continued southbound into what is now Central America to search for their soon to be homeland. One of his sons, Hopiah, had already departed the family group and settled in what is now know as northeastern Arizona.

II. Central American family Groups
A. Sons of Nahuah Aztecan Family Groups
Nahuatl (or Aztecan) Division Families
Nahuatl Mexico (Largest Uto-Aztecan family, 1.5 million, 28 language dialects)
Chichimecan:
Caxacanes
Guachichiles
Guamares
Otomies
Tecuexes
Zacatecos
Manguean:
Pames
Otomi
Nahuah
Matlatzinca (endangered)
Jonaz
Mazahua
Matlatzinca
Mixen
Zoque
Popolocan
Ixcatec (endangered)
Chocho
Chinanteco
Triqui
Amuzgo
Tlapaneco
Subtiaba (extinct)
Mazateco
Zapotecano
Cuicateco
Chiapanec (extinct)
Pipil Division Family (El Salvaodor)
Pipil
Nuwat
Toltec
Cuscatlecos
Izalcos
Nonualcos
B. Sons of Sonorah Sonoran Family Groups
There are four language divisions with nineteen languages in this group.
Cahitan Division Families
(Mexico, southern Arizona)
Cahita
Pascua Yaqui (Yoem Noki): Pascua, Yoeme
Mayo Division Families
(Sonora, Sinaloa and parts of Durango, Mexico.)
Mayo, Yoreme
Opata Division Families
(Central Sonora, Mexico and southeast Arizona)
Edueve
Opata
Teguima
Tehuima
Yaqui Division Family
(Sonora, Mexico and in south Arizona)
Yaqui
C. Sons of Corachoah Corachol Family Group
(Northern Mexico, with small populations in the United States)
Cora Division Families
(Nayarit and Jalisco, Mexico. Colorado, US)
Naayarite
Santa Teresa
El Nayar
Huichol Division Families
(Jalisco, San Luis Potosi, Nayarit, Zacatecas,Durango, California and Texas)
Huichol, Wixarika
D. Sons of Tarahumah Tarahumaran Language Family Group
Huarijil Division Families
(Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico)
Huarijil
Tarahumara Division Families
(Chihuahua, Mexico)
Tarahumara
E. Sons of Tepimah Tepiman (Piman) Family Group
(Durango and Sonora, Mexico. Southwest Arizona, US)
O′odham Division Families
Akimel O′odham
Hia-C′ed O′odham.
Tohono O′odham (Papago): Gila River Band, Ak-Chin Band,
O′otham Division Families,
Tepehuan, North
Tepehuan, South
Pima Division Families
Pima Bajo, O′ob Nook
Salt River Band (Pima Maricopa),
F. Sons of Tarascah Tarascan (Purépecha) Family Group
(Northwest Michoacán, Mexico)
G. Sons of Tequistlatecah Tequistlatecan (Chontal) Family Group
Tequistlatec (proper, extinct)
Huamelutec (lowland Oaxaca Chontal)
Tequistlatec (highland Oaxaca Chontal)

1  
Although closely related to the Tanoan Family, the Kiowa is separated from the Tanoan by a large distance due to the fact that the Kiowa were nomadic.
2  
Historically spoken in Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas and western Montana, but oral histories tell that they migrated from the Colorado Plateau northward to the Great Plains and Yellowstone where they were first encountered by Europeans. Later, they migrated to the Black Hills and after that, to the southern Plains where historic records show them located.

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