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THE FIRST WAYFARERS
The Third Migration: The Athabascan People

The Path of Gether Go Down Go Up
The Athabascan speaking people was the third and last major migration of the postdiluvian people, well, that is so, in a sense of those people who migrated across the Beringia land bridge. This migration occurred somewhat later in time, possibly one hundred to two hundred years later than the previous crossings of the same land bridge.
Those of this final major migration, who came across the land bridge, traveled into the interior and began settling in the eastern portions of the Alaskan Pacific Coast Range region, Basin and Range region and Rocky Mountains region, avoiding the western and southern area of the Pacific Coast Range region where their dwelt the Sons of Joktan. Some time later, theses tribes expanded eastward and south into Canada to settle the Yukon and British Columbia areas of the Basin and Range region, Rocky Mountain region, Interior Lowland region, Canadian Shield region and the extreme northern area of the Hudson Bay portion of the Canadian Lowlands region. Later, the Athabascan tribes moved southward both along the coastal areas as well as into the interior central lakes region. Sometime later, these Athabascan speaking people moved into the area now know as the United states, both along the Pacific Coast as well into the interior Basin and Ranges areas.
Some of these migration would become the ancestors of the Na-Dené speaking people of today, which includes the present day Apache and Navajo. The Navajo language is the most populated of all of the Athabascan cultures today and the best known Athabascan language.
The Athabascan Map
(m1first-tm-2025-0909.1500) The Third Migration, the Athabascan Map

The Athabascan People: The Ancestors Go Down Go Up
Early in the history of man, not long after there occurred the great flood, there were grandsons born to Noah. In fact, this story, from a paraphrase Bible version is found in the tenth chapter of Genesis in the first verse, reads as follows: "This is the story of Noah′s three sons, Shem, Ham and Japheth; to which there were many sons born after the great flood." The story continues at verse 21, which reads: "Children were also born to Shem, the forefather of all the sons of Eber and the brother of Japheth who is the elder. The sons of Shem were Elam, Asshur, Arpachshad, Lud and Aram. The sons of Aram were Uz, Hul, Gether, and Mash." (Genesis 10: 1, 21, 22, 23)
The Bible narrative in the next verse continues with The Royal Line of descent recorded within the pages of this book of the Bible for the sole purpose of directing faithful and God fearing individuals to God′s appointed messiah through the lineage of Eber. (Genesis 10: 24, 25)
However, the whereabouts and wherewithal of the rest of Shem′s descendants, that is his other Sons and Daughters is uncertain if not entirely unknown, at least from any search of the scriptures. In fact, the Biblical record about many of the remaining individuals listed in the tenth chapter of Genesis as to the location of where they settled as their homeland is scarce, absent and/or non-existent.
Still, there were some who did chose to tell their story to their sons and daughters, even to their grandsons and granddaughters; yes, they spoke the words telling their children about the person who was their great grandfathers and even about those who was their parent. Thus, though it all, every child came to know about where they came from and sometimes, these very children, when they grew old did then gather their little ones to them in the evening at their fires of gatherings and would, with words handed down speak their grandfathers story to their children. Accordingly each family would keep these long told stories alive with each and every new generations.
The Sons of Gether
My name is Kwalhioah, great-grandson of Shem, grandson of Aram, Son of Gether. A long time ago, before we migrated to this new and wonderful land, when we were still with all of our Father′s Fathers, in the land of my birth, my great grandfather Shem, during one of our evening fire for gathering, when I was only a young man, called me to him and invited me to sit with him. After I had unrolled my mat and sat down, he asked me if I have been listening to his story about how we all came to be here? Immediately, I answered, "Yes, my father, I listen carefully to all the stories of our people, so that I may be able to tell them to my son Tolowa, when he comes to the age of remembrance." He then said to me, "That is wonderful my son, but I would asked you to do something more for me." To that, I replied, "Ask me and it will be so, my Father."
Yes, it was my great grandfather, whose name was Shem, Son of Noah, who told this story to me. Again, my name is Kwalhioah, and the story that I recall, I was to tell to all of my sons and then eventually wrote down was originally given to me from Shem, told at out campfires to our people for many, many seasons. We are the Dené or in the current national language, English, translated to: The People. We are those who left the lands of our ancestors and traveled upon an extended journey in search of a new homeland. Where we live currently is not our place of origin, but is the place, after walking for many steps, where we choose to stop and make camp, and that camp not long after became our homeland.
I wrote this story about our people
The Sons of Gether
Son of Aram, Ge´ther was born third of four sons and father of the following sons: 1. Deg Xit'an, 2. Tutchone, 3. Slavey, 4. Chipewyan, 5. Chilcotin, 6. Tsuut;ina, 7. Tlicho, 8. T'atsaot'ine. 9. Kwalhiokwa, and 10. Appachean.
Gether and his sons begin to travel into the new continent, and along the way, one of his sons would decide to take on a different path than that of Gether and the rest of his sons. As Gether continued into the land, more of his sons would begin their own Journey On™.
The Athabascan people are largely defined by their language, and Athabascan languages are spoken in large areas of Alaska, in four areas of Canada, on the US Pacific Coast as far south as northern California and in the US Southwest. The Athabascan language family has, in fact, the greatest geographic spread of any language family in North America. Because of this, great diversity is to be found among the Athabascan peoples. It is therefore difficult to make generalizations about the Athabascan culture or the Athabascan history, simply because, there are, in fact, many Athabascan cultures and many Athabascan histories.
However, in one respect, it can be generalized that the Athabascan people were, at least at first, hunters and gatherers who were highly nomadic, traveling mostly in family groups to fish, hunt, and trap.

Athabascan Homeland?
We do know that the Athabascan languages are related to the Tlingit language people of extreme southeast Alaska, however, not to the Eyak language people who live in the same coastal lands because the Eyak are instead an Algonquian language of the Sugpiag Alutiig tribe. However, both tribes of people who speak the languages of the Tlingit and Eyak are spoken mainly in Southeast Alaska and have spread out into adjacent Yukon Territory. Too, most archaeologists tend to believe that the Eyak and Tlingit originated in southeast Alaska, however, it is more likely that the people who are the Algonquin Eyak, as well as the Athabascan Tlingit all migrated to Alaska from some where on the Asian Continent.
Nevertheless, it seems likely that the homeland of all of the Athabascan peoples was at one time in history in southeast Alaska, perhaps on the coast or even in the interior, including the large lakes that form the source of the Yukon River. From these large lakes, the Athabascan tribes, which now have divided into at least ten cultures, which have spread west in Alaska along the Yukon and Tanana Rivers, then, south into British Columbia and also further both eastward and southward through Canada.
It is evidently from the numerous homelands of the Athabascans, that various bands and/or cultures of the Athabascan people accomplished other great migrations: south along the Pacific Coast, down along the east side of the Rocky Mountains into the American Southwest, across the northern Great Plains, even as far east across the northern interior of Canada as as Hudson Bay.
Some who study this, believe that these expansions were facilitated by the distinctive hunting techniques of the Athabascans, often involving the entire community, as when they would drive game animals into a bottleneck canyon or narrowed place where they could easily be killed. This communal hunting style gave them a competitive advantage, making it possible for bands of Athabascans to flourish in marginal areas where other groups found it difficult to survive. Some also think that the Athabascans were first along the Northwest Coast to use the bow and arrow, especially since this type of weapon appears to have spread down from the north just at the time when we would expect the Athabascan migration to have occurred.
Athabascan people have traditionally lived along five major river ways: the Yukon, the Tanana, the Susitna, the Kuskokwim, and the Copper River drainages.
There are seven cultural branches of the Athabascan speaking people.

The Athabascan People: The Descendants Go Down Go Up
Alaska and Canada Cultures
The Cultures Today
According to those wise men of this world, the original Athabascan native American people were the Deg Xit′an and the Holikachuk cultures. All other Athabascan native Americans cultures descended from those two family groups. Those wise men believe that those two families are the oldest language groups of all of the other Athabascan speaking people, and there belief in that assumption is primary because the remains from these two settlements have some of the oldest artifacts found from all the many Athabascan settlements anywhere else in North America.
I smile at their assessment because I know that all of the Athabascan tribes came from the western part of Asia, the traveled together as a family group across Asia, then the entire family together crossed the land bridge, after which they began to settle in the different parts of North American as they arrived there. The Deg Xit′an and the Holikachuk were the first two families to stopped their migration, first to choose their homelands, first to depart from the remaining family members and first to begin building their new homes. The several remaining family members were to continued further southwestward into the continent and then stopped in varying locations on varying dates later in time. This in no way means that the first two family members that stopped their migration would then become the ancestors to the rest of the family members. Well, that is what the wise men would want you to believe.
No, on the contrary, the entire family of the father, mother adn all arrived on the continent on the same general date. Some just stopped traveling before the others did. In fact, there immediate ancestors were from Mesopotamia, who, like all of the Native American Cultures were descendants of Noah′s son Shem, the father of all of the Asian People including Hebrew, Chaldeans, Assyrians, Persians, Syrians, Indians and more. (Genesis 10:21)

The Athabascan Nations of Alaska and Canada
(m0-maps-athabascan-northern) Northern Athabascan Tribes (I-V)

I. Alaskan Deg Xi′nag Cultures
Nine family groups within the Alaskan Culture:
1. Ahtna Ahtena, Atna, (Copper River basin)
Lower Atna, Atna Hwt′aene
Central Atna, Dan′ehwt′aene
Western Atna, Dze Ta Hwt′aene
Upper Atna, Taa′tl′aa Denae
2. Deg Xit′an
Deg Hit′an, Deg Hitan, formally Ingalik
3. Dena'ina Formally Tanaina
4. Gwich'in Formally Kutchin or Loucheux
Clan: Nantsaii
Clan: Chits'yaa
Clan: Tenjeraatsaii
5. Hän shortened from Han Hwech'in
Upper Yukon River (Eagle, Alaska and Dawson City, Yukon)
6. Holikachuk
Doogh Hit'an, also Innoko
7. Kolchan
Kuskokwim (Upper)
Upper Kuskokwim River inhabitants (Six regional bands)
8. Koyukon Dinaa, Denaa
Koyukuk River inhabitants
9. Tanana
Lower Tanana Kokht'ana, original inhabitants of Tanana River
Below the Goodpaster River
Four bands in Lower Tanana River valley
Upper Tanana Koht'iin
Above the Goodpaster River
Four bands in Upper Tanana River valley
Tanacross or Tanana Crossing
Tanana River inhabitants Three or four bands

II. Canadian Yukon Cultures
The earliest Athabascan language group settlements seem to have been located in this part of the North American continent, first within Alaska and then in both the Yukon and in northern British Columbia. Then, later, the Athabascan indigenous people appear to have spread further to the south and later to the east.
While most First Nations in the Yukon territory are a part of the wider Dene Nation, (or what is more commonly called the Northern Athabaskan languages) there are the Tlingit and Métis nations that provide a larger spectrum of indigeneity that links some within the Yukon Territory with non-Athabaskan people.
Today, there are eight language groups with fourteen First Nations (or tribal communities) that live within the Yukon Territory.
Yukon Cultures
 4. Gwich'in
Vuntut First Nation (Old Crow)
 5. Hän
Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in First Nation (Dawson City)
10. Kaska
Liard First Nation (Watson Lake)
Ross River Dena Council (Ross River)
11. Tutchone
Northern Tutchone
Na-Cho Nyak Dun First Nation (Mayo)
Selkirk First Nation (Pelly Crossing)
Little Salmon and Carmacks First Nations
Southern Tutchone
Kluane First Nation (Burwash Landing)
Kwanlin Dün First Nation (Whitehorse)
Ta'an Kwach'an First Nation (Whitehorse)
Champagne and Aishihik First Nations (Haines Junction)
12. Tagish
Carcross First Nation (Carcross)
13. Tlingit
Tesling Council (Teslin)
14. Upper Tannan
White River First Nation (Beaver Creek)

Northwestern Canadian British Columbia Cultures (Cross border with Yukon)
10. Kaska
Dease River First Nation
Daylu Dena Council
13. Tlingit
Taku River First Nation

III. Canadian British Columbia Cultures
The cultures in the British Columbia area is divided into two general groups, northern and southern. The Language groups in this area include:
British Columbia Cultures
14. Yinka Dene or Northern Carrier
Dakelh First Nation,
Upper Fraser River
15. Tsilhqot'in or Chilcotin,
16. Nicola or Stuwix, (Extinct)
17. Witsuwit'en-Babine-Hagwilgate

IV. Canadian North Central Cultures
This large Athabascan group of cultures are very similar to the British Columbia culture in both language and culture.
18. Chipewyan
19. Dogrib
20. Slavey
North Slavey
Mountain
Bearlake
Hare
South Slavey

V. Canadian Central Alberta Plains Culture
Although the only culture in the Canadian northern plains, it is close in affinities with tribes of the US Cultures, both the southern and the coastal.
21. Tsuut'ina or Sarcee

The Athabascan Nations of United States and Mexico
(m2cont-nam-maps-athabascan-southern) Southern Athabascan Tribes (VI-VII)

VI. US Pacific Coast Culture
a. Washington
22. Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
b. Oregon
22. Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
23. Upper Umpqua
24. Rogue River
Lower Rogue River
Upper Rogue River
25. Kwalhioah-Tolowa
c. California
25. Kwalhioah-Tolowa
26. Hupa
27. Mattole-Bear River
28. Wailaki
29. Kato

VII. US Southern Cultures
d. Colorado
Jicarilla Southeast Colorado
Navajo Colorado
Autonym: Diné bizaad, or Naabeehó bizaad
e. Utah
Navajo Utah
Autonym: Diné bizaad, or Naabeehó bizaad
f. Arizona
Navajo Arizona
Autonym: Diné bizaad, or Naabeehó bizaad
Mescalero-Chiricahua Southeast Arizona
Tsokanende Chiricahua Apache
Arizona, New Mexico, Mexico
Leader: Chochise
New Mexico: Fort Sill Apache
Oklahoma: San Carlos Apache
Chiricahua
Mescalero
Western Apaches
g. New Mexico
Jicarilla Northeast New Mexico
Navajo New Mexico
Autonym: Diné bizaad, or Naabeehó bizaad
Mescalero-Chiricahua Southern New Mexico
Tchihende or Chihende, Chihenne, Rad Paint People
Mimbreno Appache, Mimbres Mountains and River
Southwestern New Mexico
Northern Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico
Oje Caliente (Warm Springs, Hot Springs Apache)
Copper Mine Apache (Santa Rita)
Tsokanende Chiricahua Apache
Arizona, New Mexico, Mexico
Leader: Chochise
New Mexico: Fort Sill Apache
Oklahoma: San Carlos Apache
Chiricahua
Mescalero
Western Apaches
h. Oklahoma
Jicarilla Extreme West Oklahoma
Kiowa-Apache North-central Oklahoma
Bedonkohe Chiricahua Apache or Mogollon Appaches
Speak Chiricahua language
Geronimo was warrior member
Fort Sill Apache Tribe
Homeland: Arizona and New Mexico
i. Texas
Lipan Texas Edwards Plateau
Mescalero-Chiricahua West Texas, Mexico

VIII. Northern Mexico Cultures
Mescalero-Chiricahua North-central Mexico
Nednhi Nednai, Ndenai, Ndendai, Southern Chiricahua
Fierce Chiricahua Apache
Sierra Madre Occidental of Sonora and Chihuahua
Leader: Juh, a cousin of Geronimo
Janeros Real Nednhi
Tu-ntsa-nde People of the Aros River
Haiahende Peopl of the East
Tchihende or Chihende, Chihenne, Rad Paint People
Mimbreno Appache, Mimbres Mountains and River
Southwestern New Mexico
Northern Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico
Tsokanende Chiricahua Apache
Arizona, New Mexico, Mexico
Leader: Chochise
New Mexico: Fort Sill Apache
Oklahoma: San Carlos Apache
Chiricahua
Mescalero
Western Apaches

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